Summative Software Evaluation of a Therapeutic Guideline Assistance System for Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy in ICU.

J Clin Monit Comput. 2007 Apr 4;

Authors: Röhrig R, Beuteführ H, Hartmann B, Niczko E, Quinzio B, Junger A, Hempelmann G

OBJECTIVE: While developing the patient data management system ICUData in close cooperation with the software company (IMESO GmbH, Hüttenberg, Germany), a therapeutic guideline assistance system for empiric antimicrobial therapy in ICU (called “Antibiotic Wizard”) could be introduced and integrated into the existing software. After its introduction into clinical routine, the first version was to be tested, checked for usability and compared to other software products with the help of the IsoMetrics( s ) inventory (based on the EN ISO 9241-10 for computer-assisted workflows). METHODS: Half a year after introducing the “Antibiotic Wizard” in the ICUs, 40 physicians from different specialties at different levels of training were surveyed in order to detect deficiencies in the use of the program. The results of these surveys were compared to surveys on the word processing software Word((R)) for Windows((R)) (WinWord((R))) from Microsoft((R)), the hospital information system IS-H*MED from SAP((R)) (online and paper surveys) and the administrative program, SAP R/3 HR, also from SAP((R)). RESULTS: Reliabilities (Cronbach’s Alpha) of the subscales ranged from satisfactory (alpha > 0.70) to good (alpha > 0.80), except for “Controllability” (alpha = 0.663) and “Error tolerance” (alpha = 0.693). Medians for individual subscales ranged between 3.04 (”Error tolerance”) and 3.96 (”Suitability for learning”). The “Antibiotic Wizard” showed significantly better results compared to both IS-H*MED and SAP R/3 HR in the subscales of “Suitability for the task”, “Self-descriptiveness” and “Suitability for learning”. In contrast, “Self-descriptiveness” “Controllability” and “Error tolerance” were significantly worse compared to WinWord((R)). CONCLUSIONS: In generally, the usability of the “Antibiotic Wizard” was deemed good. Some weaknesses were found in the fields of “Error tolerance” and “Controllability”. These problems will be corrected in future versions.

PMID: 17406987 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Age and risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation: evidence for guidelines?

Neuroepidemiology. 2007;28(2):109-15

Authors: Frost L, Vukelic Andersen L, Godtfredsen J, Mortensen LS

AIM: Guidelines for the clinical management of patients with atrial fibrillation suggest that treatment strategies for prescribing oral anticoagulant therapy should implicate change at age 60, 65 and 75 years. We examined if there is any threshold concerning risk of stroke by age. METHODS: We identified 141,493 subjects, aged 40-89 years, with an incident hospital diagnosis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or flutter and no previous or concomitant diagnosis of stroke in the Danish National Registry of Patients from January 1, 1980, to December 31, 2002. The subjects were followed in the Danish National Registry of Patients for the occurrence of an incident diagnosis of stroke of any nature and in the Danish Civil Registration System for emigration and vital status. We examined the risk of stroke by age in men and women using Cox regression models, which included age categorized in intervals, linear splines of age with cut points at age 60 and 75 years, or at age 65 and 75 years. We also analyzed age as a continuous variable in linear and polynomial regression models. RESULTS: During follow-up 15,964 incident strokes were reported to the Danish National Registry of Patients. The risk of stroke increased by increasing age at baseline. We did not find any evidence for a threshold concerning risk of stroke by age, and the best model fit was obtained in a third-order polynomial regression model. CONCLUSION: The risk of stroke increased gradually by increasing age, and we could not detect any threshold concerning risk of stroke by age.

PMID: 17409772 [PubMed - in process]

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Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for prostate cancer: the need for a unified approach.

Curr Opin Urol. 2007 May;17(3):200-207

Authors: Dahm P, Kunz R, Schünemann H

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Clinical practice guidelines are being increasingly recognized as critically important to an evidence-based practice. This article reviews the different approaches used by leading urological organizations to the development of prostate cancer guidelines. It further introduces the recommendations of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group as a unified approach to guideline development. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical guidelines on the management of prostate cancer demonstrate major methodological differences. Most notably, considerable discrepancies with regards to the systems used to grade the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendation exist. The GRADE approach classifies the quality of evidence as high, moderate, low or very low, according to factors that include study design and execution, and the consistency of the results. It subsequently classifies recommendations as strong or weak, according to the balance between benefits and downsides and the degree of confidence in estimates of the downsides. SUMMARY: There is an urgent need to standardize processes used to develop clinical guidelines for the management of patients with prostate cancer by leading urological organizations. Adoption of the GRADE approach would offer considerable rewards in terms of efficiency, guideline credibility and optimal clinical decision-making.

PMID: 17414519 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists.

Stroke. 2007 May;38(5):1655-711

Authors: Adams HP, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Brass L, Furlan A, Grubb RL, Higashida RT, Jauch EC, Kidwell C, Lyden PD, Morgenstern LB, Qureshi AI, Rosenwasser RH, Scott PA, Wijdicks EF, ,

PURPOSE: Our goal is to provide an overview of the current evidence about components of the evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audience is physicians and other emergency healthcare providers who treat patients within the first 48 hours after stroke. In addition, information for healthcare policy makers is included. METHODS: Members of the panel were appointed by the American Heart Association Stroke Council’s Scientific Statement Oversight Committee and represented different areas of expertise. The panel reviewed the relevant literature with an emphasis on reports published since 2003 and used the American Heart Association Stroke Council’s Levels of Evidence grading algorithm to rate the evidence and to make recommendations. After approval of the statement by the panel, it underwent peer review and approval by the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. It is intended that this guideline be fully updated in 3 years. RESULTS: Management of patients with acute ischemic stroke remains multifaceted and includes several aspects of care that have not been tested in clinical trials. This statement includes recommendations for management from the first contact by emergency medical services personnel through initial admission to the hospital. Intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator remains the most beneficial proven intervention for emergency treatment of stroke. Several interventions, including intra-arterial administration of thrombolytic agents and mechanical interventions, show promise. Because many of the recommendations are based on limited data, additional research on treatment of acute ischemic stroke is needed.

PMID: 17431204 [PubMed - in process]

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The implementation of a guideline of care for patients with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube in situ in a general intensive care unit using transitional change theory.

Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2007 Apr 16;

Authors: Christensen T, Christensen M

The use of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube as a life-saving treatment for bleeding oesophageal varices is slowly becoming the least preferred method possibly due to the potential complications associated with its placement. Nursing practice pertaining to the care of this patient group appears ad hoc and reliant on local knowledge and experience as opposed to recognised evidence of best practice. Therefore, this paper focuses on the application of Lewin’s transitional change theory used to introduce a change in nursing practice with the application of a guideline to enhance the care of patients with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube in situ within a general intensive care unit. This method identified some of the complexities surrounding the change process including the driving and restraining forces that must be harnessed and minimised in order for the adoption of change to be successful.

PMID: 17434309 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Modified guidelines impact on antibiotic use and costs: duration of treatment for pneumonia in a neurosurgical ICU is reduced.

J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Apr 13;

Authors: Meyer E, Buttler J, Schneider C, Strehl E, Schroeren-Boersch B, Gastmeier P, Ruden H, Zentner J, Daschner FD, Schwab F

Objectives To evaluate the impact of an intervention to reduce the duration of antibiotic treatment for pneumonia in a neurosurgical intensive care unit (ICU). The usage of antibiotics and the resultant costs were examined using interrupted time series analysis while resistance and device-associated infection rates are also described. Methods In January 2004, revised guidelines for the use of antibiotics were implemented. As a consequence of this, the duration of antibiotic therapy for nosocomial pneumonia was reduced from 14 to 7 days, while for community-acquired pneumonia the period fell from 10 to 5 days. The effect on the antibiotic use density [AD; expressed as defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 patient days (pd)] was calculated by segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series for the 24 months prior to (2002 and 2003) and after the intervention (2004 and 2005). Results The intervention was associated with a significant decrease in total AD from 949.8 to 626.7 DDD/1000 pd after the intervention. This was mainly due to reduced consumption of second-generation cephalosporins (-100.6 DDD/1000 pd), imidazoles (-100.3 DDD/1000 pd), carbapenems (-33.3 DDD/1000 pd), penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitor (-33.5 DDD/1000 pd) and glycopeptides (-30.2 DDD/1000 pd). Glycopeptide reduction might be associated with a significant decrease in the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (8.4% before and 2.9% after the intervention). Similarly, total antibiotic costs/pd (euro) showed a significant decrease from 13.16 euro/pd before to 7.31 euro/pd after the intervention. This is a saving of 5.85 euro/pd. The incidence of patients dying with pneumonia did not change significantly. Conclusions The most conservative estimate of segmented regression analysis over a 48 month period showed that halving the duration of treatment for pneumonia results in a reduction of over 30% in antibiotic consumption and costs. Because respiratory infections are most common in ICU patients, interventions targeting a reduction in the duration of treatment of pneumonia might be extremely worthwhile.

PMID: 17434880 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Evidence-based guidelines for following stage 1 seminoma.

Cancer. 2007 Apr 16;

Authors: Martin JM, Panzarella T, Zwahlen DR, Chung P, Warde P

BACKGROUND.: The authors developed evidence-based guidelines for a follow-up schedule after orchiectomy for stage 1 seminoma. Required investigations, frequency of assessment, overall duration of follow-up, and management strategies were identified. METHODS.: A systematic review of the literature was performed of prospective studies in stage 1 seminoma. Studies published after 1980 were considered eligible for inclusion. Data extracted included relapse-free rates, number of patients at risk, and relapse locations. Five strategies were identified: Surveillance, Extended-Field Radiotherapy, Para-aortic Radiotherapy, and either 1 or 2 cycles of Carboplatin Chemotherapy. For each strategy, Kaplan-Meier relapse-free estimates were used to calculate weighted-mean cumulative hazards of relapse over time. These were used to calculate semiannual weighted-mean relapse hazards. RESULTS.: Seventeen prospective studies with a total of 5561 patients were identified. Actuarial data on relapse was available in 5013 (90.1%) patients, and 92.9% of all relapses had location data reported. Annual hazard rates for relapse were determined. CONCLUSIONS.: Evidence-based recommendations for follow-up frequency based on risk of relapse were formulated. The authors suggested 3 times per year when the risk is >5%, 2 times per year when the risk is 1% to 5%, and annually until the risk is

PMID: 17437287 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Group visits: promoting adherence to diabetes guidelines.

J Gen Intern Med. 2007 May;22(5):620-4

Authors: Clancy DE, Huang P, Okonofua E, Yeager D, Magruder KM

BACKGROUND: Current diabetes management guidelines offer blueprints for providers, yet type 2 diabetes control is often poor in disadvantaged populations. The group visit is a new treatment modality originating in managed care for efficient service delivery to patients with chronic health problems. Group visits offer promise for delivering care to diabetic patients, as visits are lengthier and can be more frequent, more organized, and more educational. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of group visits on clinical outcomes, concordance with 10 American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines [American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Care, 28:S4-36, 2004] and 3 United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) cancer screens [U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/resource.htm, 2003]. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A 12-month randomized controlled trial of 186 diabetic patients comparing care in group visits with care in the traditional patient-physician dyad. Clinical outcomes (HbA1c, blood pressure [BP], lipid profiles) were assessed at 6 and 12 months and quality of care measures (adherence to 10 ADA guidelines and 3 USPSTF cancer screens) at 12 months. RESULTS: At both measurement points, HbA1c, BP, and lipid levels did not differ significantly for patients attending group visits versus those in usual care. At 12 months, however, patients receiving care in group visits exhibited greater concordance with ADA process-of-care indicators (p

PMID: 17443369 [PubMed - in process]

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Longitudinal analysis of community health workers’ adherence to treatment guidelines, Siaya, Kenya, 1997-2002.

Trop Med Int Health. 2007 May;12(5):651-63

Authors: Rowe SY, Olewe MA, Kleinbaum DG, McGowan JE, McFarland DA, Rochat R, Deming MS

Objectives To investigate community health workers’ (CHW) adherence over time to guidelines for treating ill children and to assess the effect of refresher training on adherence. Methods Analysis of 7151 ill-child consultations performed by 114 CHWs in their communities from March 1997-May 2002. Adherence was assessed with a score (percentage of recommended treatments that were prescribed), calculated for each consultation. Recommended treatments were those that were indicated based on CHW assessments. We used piecewise regression models to evaluate adherence before and after training. Results The average adherence score was 79.4%. Multivariable analyses indicate that immediately after the first refresher training, the mean adherence level improved for patients with a severe illness, but worsened for patients without severe illness. Adherence scores declined rapidly during the 6 months after the second refresher training. Conclusions The first refresher was partially effective, the second refresher had an effect contrary to that intended, and patient characteristics had a strong influence on adherence patterns. Longitudinal studies are useful for monitoring the dynamics of CHW performance and evaluating effects of quality improvement interventions.

PMID: 17445133 [PubMed - in process]

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Assisted reproductive technology practice patterns and the impact of embryo transfer guidelines in the United States.

Fertil Steril. 2007 Apr 17;

Authors: Stern JE, Cedars MI, Jain T, Klein NA, Beaird CM, Grainger DA, Gibbons WE,

OBJECTIVE: [1] To evaluate trends in number of embryos transferred and resultant high-order multiple (HOM) pregnancy rates by Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART)-member clinics between 1996 and 2003 and [2] to relate these practice patterns and outcomes to clinic compliance with SART-American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) embryo transfer guidelines. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology-member fertility centers in the United States. PATIENT(S): Five hundred thirty-six thousand, five hundred twenty-four fresh, nondonor IVF cycles. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Number of embryos transferred; pregnancy rates; implantation rates; and proportion of singleton, twin, and HOM pregnancies. RESULT(S): The number of embryos transferred declined each year. High-order multiple pregnancy rates also declined, whereas the twin rates remained stable. The most pronounced declines in number transferred occurred immediately after publication of SART-ASRM embryo transfer guidelines. After stratifying clinics according to mean and modal number of embryos transferred, clinics transferring the fewest embryos in women

PMID: 17445805 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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